動物非物
政府應致力透過憲法、民法、刑法、行政法及行政作為,賦予句有感知能力的動物特殊法律定位
前言
我國現行〈民法〉將動物視為「物品(財產)」。如狗貓等寵物受到傷害,或有醫療過失,都被視為侵犯”物”權,而非侵犯「生命」。除賠償偏低,「慰撫金」也難以請求,法益保障過低,對生命價值與尊嚴的維護,嚴重不足。
實務上,雖已有零星判決,針對活體動物的侵權行為,判賠慰撫金,獲得社會肯定。惟多以「類推適用」代表法曹心證,難以明確條文根據。且都侷限於寵物、「全損」(死亡),尚無涉及非寵物(狗貓),或傷害而非死亡之案例。
本會主張
- 我國〈憲法〉應賦予國家保護動物、維護動物福利的基本責任。
- 〈民法〉應與時俱進,修正將活體動物生命視為「物」的概念,應賦予其為「非物」的法律地位。針對侵權行為,不應再以「客觀市價」為賠償基準,應可適用「非財產上損害」,而得請求賠償「慰撫金」。
- 我國〈動物保護法〉適用所有飼養管理之脊椎動物,惟飼主與動物之關係,僅寵物屬於同伴或伴侶,但不限於狗貓。其餘為經濟利益之利用,包括各種畜禽水產動物養殖、運銷宰殺,貓狗之繁殖買賣,以及動物騎乘、展示,或科學應用,包括豬牛羊,也包括貓狗。動物「非物」之特殊法地位,應適用所有脊椎動物,惟「慰撫金」之請求,則應僅適用寵物、同伴或伴侶關係之動物,以避免背離現行民法第 195 條精神,造成法秩序紊亂。
- 在〈刑法〉上,正因動物非物,跟人一樣是生命,是有機體,有自癒能力而有被傷害之後康復的可能,不該當一般器物毀損罪之「致令不堪用」,造成非得要斷了動物特定肢體,或致其全損(死亡)才構成毀損罪。
- 有關動物是否受到虐待之判定,雖不涉人民主觀公權利,惟因其涉及動物生命法益,行政法上,以動物保護為立案宗旨之人民團體,應可代為請求司法救濟或訴訟。
- 亦可增修〈動物保護法〉,或訂定特別法,排除民法、刑法有關【物】與【財產】的適用,以較好處理寵物受到傷害無法請求慰撫金;以及因動物可以復原,即不構成傷害罪等情況;甚至得以遺囑指定特定人代為扶養照顧動物等。
- 在行政實務上,〈動物保護法〉第 3 條第 10 款「虐待」定義之除外規定——「除因飼養、管領或處置目的之必須行為外」,應嚴加限縮。不應將所有對經濟(畜禽水產)之操作,都視為「必須行為」,因此不算虐待。應參採實驗動物利用之「 替代、減量、精緻化」等3R (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement)原則,判定有其他方法可替代、可減少,或減輕動物痛苦而不採用之行為,視為虐待。也不應將動物「外觀上看不出有傷」為由,認定不構成傷害、也不構成虐待。
- 人類社會、環境永續與動物福利的維護息息相關,將「動物非物」入法,開創介於人與物之間的法律體系、獨立於人與物之外的法益保護,是我國社會對是國際「健康一體、福利一體」(One Health, One Welfare)倡議的最佳乎應。
備註:國際立法例(2022)
一、憲法
(一)已將「動物保護原則」納入憲法之國家
| 國家 | 入憲時間 | 入憲內容 |
|
瑞士 |
1973 |
動物保護
非人類基因之科技 聯邦應該立法規範動物、植物和其他生物的生殖和遺傳物質的使用,且在此應考慮生命之尊嚴,以及人類、動物和環境的安全,立法規範取自動物植物或其他生物體繁殖和基因材料之利用,並保護動物和植物的基因多樣性。
1. The Confederation shall legislate on the protection of animals. 2. It shall in particular regulate: a. the keeping and care of animals; b. experiments on animals and procedures carried out on living animals; c. the use of animals; d. the import of animals and animal products; e. the trade in animals and the transport of animals; f. the killing of animals. 3. The enforcement of the regulations is the responsibility of the Cantons, except where the law reserves this to the Confederation.
2. The Confederation shall legislate on the use of reproductive and genetic material from animals, plants and other organisms. In doing so, it shall take account of the dignity of living beings as well as the safety of human beings, animals and the environment, and shall protect the genetic diversity of animal and plant species.
|
|
印度 |
1976 |
印度每一國民之責任,包括:保護和改善自然環境,包括森林、湖泊、河流和野生動物,以及善待生命。 51A. Fundamental duties —It shall be the duty of every citizen of India— 來源:Source: The Constitution of India, PART IVA, Article 51 (G) |
|
巴西 |
1988 |
生態平衡之環境為生命之健康品質所必需,屬於全民,為全民共享。政府與社會有責任為當代和後代人加以捍衛和保存。 保護動物和植物,包括透過法律禁止所有對生態功能帶來風險,以及會造成物種滅絕或動物虐待的作為。 ※巴西憲法訂有動植物保護專章,禁止虐待畜禽和野生動物
VII – protect the fauna and the flora, with prohibition, in the manner prescribed by law, of all practices which represent a risk to their ecological function, cause the extinction of species or subject animals to cruelty.
|
|
斯洛文尼亞 |
1991 |
每人都有權利依法享有健康的生活環境。國家應促進健康的生活環境。為此目的,從事經濟和其他活動的條件和方式應由法律確立。法律應確立,一個人在何種條件,以及在哪個程度上損害生活環境,就有責任提供賠償。保護動物免受虐待應由法律規範。
Everyone has the right in accordance with the law to a healthy living environment. The state shall promote a healthy living environment. To this end, the conditions and manner in which economic and other activities are pursued shall be established by law. The law shall establish under which conditions and to what extent a person who has damaged the living environment is obliged to provide compensation. The protection of animals from cruelty shall be regulated by law.
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德國 |
2002 |
「在憲法的層次,國家基於對後代子孫的責任,藉由立法及按照法律與公理所進行的執法與判決,保護自然生存環境及動物。」 國家為將來之世世代代,在合於憲法秩序範圍內,亦負有責任經由立法、及根據法律與法之規定經由行政與司法,保護自然之生命基礎及動物。
[Protection of the natural foundations of life and animals] Mindful also of its responsibility towards future generations, the state shall protect the natural foundations of life and animals by legislation and, in accordance with law and justice, by executive and judicial action, all within the framework of the constitutional order.
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|
盧森堡 |
2007 |
國家應促進動物的保護與福利。
"The State [...] promotes the protection and welfare of the animals. " (非官方翻譯) Source: Constitution du Grand-Duché du Luxembourg, Chapitre II, Article 11bis. 原文: Art. 11bis. L’Etat garantit la protection de l’environnement humain et naturel, en œuvrant à l’établissement d’un équilibre durable entre la conservation de la nature, en particulier sa capacité de renouvellement, et la satisfaction des besoins des générations présentes et futures. Il promeut la protection et le bien-être des animaux». (Révision du 2 juin 1999)
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|
奧地利 |
2013 |
下列事務為聯邦政府權限,由省政府執行: 除其他法律另有規定外,動物保護為聯邦法規事務。漁獵活動之管轄除外。
In the following matters legislation is the business of the Federation, execution that of the provinces …. 8. Animal protection, to the extent not being in the competence of federal legislation according to other regulations, but with the exception of the exercise of hunting or fishing.
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|
埃及 |
2014 |
國家應保護海域、海岸、湖泊、水道和自然領地。禁止入侵、汙染或濫用。每位公民之享受權應受保障。 國家應立法:保護和發展都會區之綠色空間,保育植物、動物和魚類資源,保護受到滅種和危險威脅之動植物,確保人道對待動物。
The State shall protect its seas, shores, lakes, waterways and natural protectorates. Trespassing, polluting or misusing any of them is prohibited. Every citizen is guaranteed the right of enjoying them. The State shall protect and develop the green space in the urban areas; preserve plant, animal and fish resources and protect those under the threat of extinction or danger; guarantee humane treatment of animals, all according to the law.
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|
俄羅斯 |
2020 |
俄羅斯聯邦政府應…減少商業和其他活動對環境的負面影響,維護自然與生物多樣性,建構負責任的動物態度。
[The Government of the Russian Federation] shall undertake measures aimed at creating favourable conditions for the life of the population, reducing the negative impact of business and other activities on the environment, preservation of unique natural and biological diversity of the country, and forming responsible treatment towards animals in society;
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義大利 |
2022 |
為後代的利益,國家應保護環境、生物多樣性和生態系。國家法律應規範動物保護的方法和形式。
[The Republic] Protects the environment, biodiversity and ecosystems, also in the interest of future generations. The law of the State governs the methods and forms of animal protection.
|
|
比利時 |
2024 |
在各自權力行使中,聯邦政府、社區和地區基於動物具有感知能力,而確保其受到保護與享有福利。
In the exercise of their respective powers, the Federal State, the Communities and the Regions ensure the protection and well-being of animals as sentient beings.
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(二)將「動物知覺能力與福利需求」納入憲法
| 轄區 | 法條 |
|
歐盟 |
基於動物具有知覺能力與福利需求,會員國制定和施行農漁業、運輸、研究與技術發展等政策時,應充分考量動物福利。
In formulating and implementing the Union’s agriculture, fisheries, transport, internal market, research and technological development and space policies, the Union and the Member States shall, since animals are sentient beings, pay full regard to the welfare requirements of animals, while respecting the legislative or administrative provisions and customs of the Member States relating in particular to religious rites, cultural traditions and regional heritage.
|
二、民法(除加拿大法條為原文外,其他國家為「英譯原文」)
| 國家 | 法條 |
|
德國 |
民法 第 90a 節 動物: 動物不是物品,受特別法保護。若無其他特別規定,物之規定經必要修改,準用於動物。
Section 90a Animals: Animals are not things. They are protected by special statutes. They are governed by the provisions that apply to things, with the necessary modifications, except insofar as otherwise provided.
|
|
比利時 |
民法 第 3.38 條: 事物,自然的或人造的,有形的或無形的,有別於動物。事物和動物與人不同。 第 3.39 條: 動物有感知能力及生命需求。有關實體物之規定適用於動物,惟應遵守保護牠們和公共秩序的法規。
Article 3.38: Things, natural or artificial, corporeal or incorporeal, are distinguished from animals. Things and animals are different from people. Article 3.39: Animals are sentient and have biological needs. The provisions relating to tangible things apply to animals, in compliance with the legal and regulatory provisions that protect them and public order.
|
|
捷克 |
民法 第 89/2012 號法案 § 494: 動物擁有天賦感官,具有特殊重要性和價值。活體動物不是物,物之法規類比若無牴觸,準用之。
CIVIL CODE ACT NO. 89/2012 § 494.: A living animal has a special significance and value as a living creature endowed with senses. A living animal is not a thing, and the provisions on things apply, by analogy, to a living animal only to the extent in which they are not contrary to its nature..
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|
西班牙 |
加泰羅尼亞民法典 第511-1(3)條: 動物不被視為物,受法律特殊保護。財物之法規,僅於符合其質時適用。
Art. 511-1 (3): The animals, which are not considered as things, are under the special protection of the laws. Only apply to them the rules of goods in accordance with their nature. |
|
法國 |
法國民法 第515-14條: 動物是天賦具有感知能力的生物,除受財產法規範,亦受法律保護。
Art. 515-14: Animals are living beings gifted with sentience. Subject to the laws that protect the animals, they are subjected to the regime of goods.
|
|
奧地利 |
民法 § 285a 條: 動物非物品,受特別法律保護。僅在無其他相反規定時,物之規定適用於動物。
§ 285 a: Animals are not things; they are protected by special laws. The provisions in force for the things apply to animals only if no contrary regulation exists. |
|
荷蘭 |
荷蘭民法 第 3 卷 物權法總則 第 2a 條: 1. 動物非物品。 2. 物之規定得適用動物,惟應遵守成文和不成文法之義務、法則,、公眾秩序與道德規範。
Book 3 Property law in general Article 2a: - 1. Animals are not things. - 2. Provisions relating to things are applicable to animals, with due observance of the limitations, obligations and legal principles based on statutory rules and rules of unwritten law, as well as of public order and public morality. |
|
摩爾多瓦 |
摩爾多瓦民法 (2002) 第 287 條:動物 (1) 動物不被視為物品,受特別法律保護。 (2) 物之規定,除法律另有規定,適用於動物。
Article 287. Animals (1) Animals are not considered things. They are protected by special laws. (2) With regard to animals, provisions regulating things shall apply, save for cases provided by law. |
|
瑞士 |
瑞士民法 第641a條: 1.動物不是物品。 2.如無特別法律規定,物之規定,適用於動物。
Art. 641a : 1.Animals are not objects. 2.Where no special provisions exist for animals, they are subject to the provisions governing objects. |
|
加拿大 |
民法 第898.1條: 動物不是物品。他們擁有感知能力,有生命需求。 除動物保護特別法規外,本法典和任何其他有關財產的法規,仍然適用於動物。
article 898.1: Animals are not things. They are sentient beings and have biological needs. In addition to the provisions of special Acts which protect animals, the provisions of this Code and of any other Act concerning property nonetheless apply to animals.
http://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/version/cs/CCQ-1991?code=se:898_1&history=20170303) |
|
哥倫比亞 |
哥倫比亞民法 第655條: 認知動物具有感知能力。
Article 655: Recognize the quality of sentient beings to animals.
|
